资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
【新闻随笔】塑造银发产业的品格与文化******
【新闻随笔】
作者:王雅(辽宁大学哲学院教授)、刘臣君(辽宁大学哲学院博士)
人口老龄化是世界范围内的普遍现象,也是今后较长一段时间我国的基本国情。如何保证人一生中从60至90(甚至95/100)岁这几十年的生活质量、生活品质,既取决于国家层面的制度设计、社会保障等,也取决于企业与市场的作为。
我国已经在制度层面明确了人口老龄化的基本国情,并制定了《国家积极应对人口老龄化中长期规划》,这一规划的贯彻落实过程,也将是银发经济潜力逐渐释放的过程,为银发相关企业提供了发展机遇。
研究显示,在几乎所有发达国家,60岁以上消费者的人均消费额已超过25岁至60岁年龄层平均水平,未来20年,老年人的可支配收入预计还将增加。老龄产业可能是未来的主流产业,老龄文化产业、老龄健康产业、老龄宜居产业、老龄制造产业、老龄服务产业和老龄金融产业六大产业具有高成长性。据中国老龄科学研究中心预测,2050年,银发经济市场规模将突破100亿元,届时将占GDP的1/3以上。
前景巨大的产业必然是充满竞争的产业。哪个企业能够立业长久,不仅在于产业选择,更在于企业的品格和文化。与老龄化社会相关的产业都与老年人的基本生活密切相关,可以说,撇开制度层面的保障,老年人生活品质的保障与老年相关产业产品生产经营的品质息息相关。因此,银发产业中的企业具有一定意义的公益性,必须以人为本,把人民对美好生活的向往作为企业的发展方向。
首先,确立企业的价值导向。银发产业是良心产业,老年则是所有人都会经历的人生阶段。银发产业中的企业,应本着“老吾老以及人之老”的原则,把满足老年阶段的衣食住行、疾病医药等诸多方面的需要,作为企业生产、经营的目标和企业立足的根基;本着为自己父母生产生活必需品、提供必不可少的服务的初心,进行设计、制造、经营、服务。这是产品和服务品质的保障,是老年人有品质、有尊严生活的保障,更是企业长久发展的保障。
其次,细分企业生产、经营服务的目标人群。按目前年龄段划分,从60岁起算,老年的人生可能有10年、20年、30年,可以划分低龄老年、中龄老年和老龄老年。依据不同阶段老年身心需要、不同经济条件的老人对产品和服务品质及价位的需要、不同地域生活习惯的需要等进行研发、生产、经营和服务,使不同年龄段、不同经济条件、不同地域、不同身体状态的老年人都能获得所需的生活用品和相应的服务,企业才能发现商机,利企利人利社会。
最后,把握银发产业的前移与后延。前移,即把视野拓宽到人生全过程的健康管理。2021年8月3日国务院发布《全民健身计划(2021—2025年)》,为与健身相关的用品生产、场地规划、运动康复等产业发展提供巨大商机。企业应精准把握目标人群,从少年到白头,对其一生进行动态跟踪服务。后延,即提升临终关怀和丧祭服务水平。当前临终关怀在大部分地区至今仍未受到重视,丧祭服务及相关用品长期存在价高质次现象,亟须有资质的企业深耕相关领域。
银发经济在一定意义上是民心经济,企业除了技术标准,还需要有爱心、有温情地从人性化、情感化的角度去服务老年人,为他们提供真正需要的“适老性”物质和精神产品,在为老年人提供舒适、便利、温馨的晚年生活的同时实现企业可持续发展。
《光明日报》( 2023年01月12日 02版)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)